n&hl

n&hl;ly; Utz;lh

(100 ehl;fspy; 800>000 nfhiyfs;)

jpiug;glk; gw;wp ghh;g;gjw;F Kd; Utz;lhitg; gw;wpa rpy Fwpg;Gfis ghh;g;gJ ey;yJ.

Utz;lh(Rwanda)

Guz;b>jd;rhdpah>cfz;lh Mfpa ehLfis vy;iyahff; nfhz;lJ Utz;lh. nkhj;jk; 26>338 rJu fp.kP
,aw;if tsq;fs;: jq;fk;> jfuk;> nkjNdd; Nghd;wit

rdj;njhif:7>954>013 ruhrup tho;Tf;fhyk;: 39.18 tUlq;fs;

,df; FOf;fs;

Ul;rp 15 tpfpjk; 84 tpfpjk;> Uth 1 tpfpjk;

kjk;

Nwhkd; fj;Njhypak; 56.5 tpfpjk;> Gul;l];uhd;w; 26 tpfpjk;> K];yPk; 4.6 tpfpjk;> ml;ntd;];l; 11.1 tpfpjk;> kw;wit 1.8 tpfpjk; (2001)

Rje;jpuk;

1962 Mb 1k; ehs; (ngy;[pak; - eph;thfk; - [f;fpa ehLfs; ek;gpf;if tyak;)

tuyhW

fp.K 1000 - $w;L kf;fs; Utz;lhy; thoj;njhlq;Ffpsd;wdh;.

14-15 k; Ehw;whz;L Ul;rp kf;fs; Fb ngah;fpd;wdh;.

18 k; Ehw;whz;L Ul;rp kf;fs; ngUk;ghd;ik Utz;lhia Ml;rpnra;fpd;wdh;.

1890 Nah;kd; Utz;lh muir ifg;gw;Wfpd;wdh;. Gpd;dh; Nah;kd Utz;lh Mf khWfpwJ.

1916 Kjyhk; cyf Nghupd; NghJ ngy;[pak; Utz;lhia ifg;gw;Wfpd;wdh;.

1946 [f;fpa ehLfs; ek;gpf;if tyakhf khWfpwJ.

Mb 1 k; ehs; 1962 Rje;jpuk; ngWfpwJ.

Rje;jpuj;Jf;F %d;W Mz;LfSf;F Kd; (1959) $w;L ngUk;ghd;ikapdh;> Ul;rp rpWghd;ikapdupd;; khepymuir ifg;gw;Wfpd;wdh;. Mjd; gpd;dh; Mapuf;fzf;fhNdhh; nfhy;yg;gLfpd;wdh;. Rkhh; 150>000 Ngh; mfjpfshf mz;il ehLfis jQ;rk; NfhUfpd;wdh;. ,jd; gpd;dh; Ul;rp rpWghd;ikapdh; ,th;fspd; re;jjpapdh; Utz;lh Njrpa mzpia cUthf;fpdh;.

1990y; cs; ehl;L Nghh; %z;lJ. cfz;lh murpd; cjtpAld; Ul;rp rpWghd;ikapdh; Ml;rpia ifg;gw;Wfpd;wdh;.

1994 y; Rkhh; 800>000 Ngh;tiuapy; ,we;Js;sdh;. (ngUk;ghd;ikapdh; Ul;rp rpWghd;ikapdh;)

Mb 1994 apy; Ul;rp rpWghd;ikapdh;> $w;L ngUk;ghd;ik muir ntw;wp nfhs;fpd;wdh;. Rkhh; 2>000>000 $w;L ngUk;ghd;ikapdh; mz;il ehLfis jQrk; milfpd;wdh;.

2003 - Njh;jypy; Utz;lh Njrpa mzp ntw;wp ngWfpwJ.

1994 gL nfhiyfs;

Rkhh; 100 ehl;fspy; 800>000 nfhy;yg;gl;Ls;sdh;.

1994 rpj;jpiu Utz;lhtpd; mjpgh; Habyarimana tpkhd tpgj;jpy; nfhy;yg;gl;Lslshh;.

9-10 rpj;jpiu- $w;L ngUk;ghd;ikapdh; Ul;rp rpWghd;ikapdiu nfhiy nra;aj;njhlq;Ffpd;wdh;. [.eh gilfs; RLtjw;F kWf;fpd;wdh;.

9-10 rpj;jpiu - ntspehl;L muRfs; jkJ gpuirfis jkJ ehLfSf;F mioj;jdh;(gpuhd;];>ngy;[pak;> mnkupf;fh)

11 rpj;jpiu - [.eh gilfspd; ntspNaw;wj;pd; gpd;dh; ghlrhiyapy; mth;fshy; ghJfhf;fg;gl;l Rkhh; 2>000 Ngh; nfhiy nra;ag;gLfpdlwdh;.

21 rpj;jpiu: [.eh gilfspd; vz;zpfif 90 tpfpjjhy;Fiwf;fg;gLfpd;wJ

15 itfhrp: nul; Fnw]; Rkhh; 500>000 nfhy;yg;gl;Ls;sdh; vd fUJfpwJ.

17 itfhrp: [.ehTfFk; [. mnkupf;fh Tf;Fk; Vw;g;gl;l gpzf;fpdhy; Gjpa MAjk; jhq;fpa gilfspd; tuT jhkjkhfpwJ.

19 itfhrp: Ul;rp rpWghd;ikapdh; tlf;F fpof;F gFjpfis ifg;gw;Wfpd;wdh;.

22 itfhrp: 2500 gpnud;r; gilfsl jiu ,wq;Ffpd;wdh;.

04 Mb: Ul;rp rpWghd;ikapdh; kpFjp gFjpfis ifg;gw;Wfpd;wdh;.

18 Mb: Ul;rp rpWghd;ikapdh; Ngh; Kbe;J tpl;lJ vd mwptpf;fpdwhh;fs;.

n&hl;ly; Utz;lh

newpahs;if: nuwp N[hh;[;

vOj;J: fPh; gpah;rd;> nuwp N[hh;[;

(Ul;rp rpWghd;ikapdh;> $w;L ngUk;ghd;ikapdh; )

Ul;rp rpWghd;ikapdiu $w;L ngUk;ghd;ikapdiu fug;ghd; g+r;rp vdj;jhd; miog;ghh;fs;.

$w;L ,dj;ij Nrh;e;j Nghy; Urg[pdh (nlhd; rby;)> Ul;rp ,dj;ij Nrh;e;j uw;wpdh (Nrhgpah Xf;fd;bNah) it jpUkzk; nra;J gps;isfSk; cs;sdh;.

Nghy; ngy;[pa Kjyhspf;F nrhe;jkhd kpy;yp]; nfhypd;]; vd;w el;rj;jpu Nfhl;lypy; Kftuhf (kNd[h;) cs;shh;. 1994 d; gL nfhiyfspd; NghJ vt;thW 1>268 Ul;rp rpWghd;ikapdiu fhg;ghw;wpdhh; vd;gNj Nfhl;ly; Utz;lh jpiug;glk;.

Nghy; jpwikAs;s> je;jpurhypahd Kfth;. ,jdhy; midj;J Nkyplq;fspYk; ,tUf;F njhlh;GfSz;L. ntspehl;L muRfs; jkJ gpuirfis jkJ ehLfSf;F mioj;jNghJ> jhKk; ntspNawyhk; vd;w Nghypd; fdT epiwNtwtpy;iy. mjd; gpd;dh; mtupy; gy khw;wq;fs;. jkJ FLk;gj;Jld;> Ul;rp rpWghd;ikapd cwtpdh;fisAk; jkJ Nfhl;lypy; mfjpfshf jq;f itf;fpd;whh;.

,ilapy; rpy mfjpfSf;Fk;> ,tuJ FLk;gj;Jf;Fk; ntspehL nry;y re;jh;g;gk; fpilj;Jk;> ,th; jkJ FLk;gj;ij mDg;gptpl;L jhk; nry;yhJ mfjpfSld; jq;Ffpwhh;. Mdhy; nrd;wth;fs; gyh; tpkhd epiyaj;ij milaKd;dh; nfhy;yg;gLfpd;wdh;> gyh; jpUk;gp tUfpd;wdh;. Nghy; jk;Klk; cs;s ];nfhl;r;> fpAgd; rpfhh;> nlhyh;> eiffs; vJTk; vLglhkhy; NghfTk; rh;tNjr nfhiyahspahf fUjg;gLtPh;fs; vd kpul;Lfpwhh;. ,J fhilapdupd; mwptpd;ikia fhl;LfpwJ.

XU fl;lj;jpy; Nfhl;liy Kw;WifapLk; $w;L ngUk;ghd;ikapdh; ,uhZtj;ijAk;> fhilapdiuAk; rkhspf;fKbahky;> jkJ ngy;[pa Kjhspia njhiy Ngrpapy; miof;fpwhh;>

Kjyhspapd; Nfs;tp

~~ahiu mioj;jhy; epWj;jyhk; ~~

{ ,th;fSf;F MAjk; nfhLg;gth;fs; gpuhd;];> mth;fshy;jhd; KbAk;. {

Kjyhsp gpnud;r; mjpgUld; njhlh;G nfhs;fpwhh;.

rpy nrf;fdpy; Mf;fpukpg;ghsh;fs; tpyFfpd;wdh;.

100 ehl;fspy; 800>000 nfhiyfSf;F rpy nrf;fd;fspy; tpil njupe;JtpLfpwJ.

gpd;dh; rkhjhdk; vd;w ngaupy; [.eh ml;ilAld;..Nfhl;lypy; jq;fpapUf;Fk; mfjpfSf;F czT nghUl;fs; ngw jkJ ,d KftUk;> ngUk;ghd;ikapd Nghuhsp Kf;fpa];jiu re;jpf;fpd;whh;. me;j czTf;fsQ;rpak;> ,g;nghOJ rpj;jputijf; $lkhf cs;sJ. ghij khwpajhy; thfdj;ij tpl;L ,wq;fpanghOJ jLf;fp tpOe;jJ cly;fspd; NkNy. ghijnaq;Fk; cly;fs;> ghh;f;Fk; ,lnkq;Fk; cly;fs;.

kdij neULk;> kdij cUf;Fk;> kdij cWj;Jk; fhl;rpfs;.

Ul;rp rpWghd;ikapdh;> $w;L ngUk;ghd;ikapdh; ,th;fsJ nkhopAk; kjKk; fyhr;rhuKk; xj;jitNa. mg;gbahapd; ,th;fs; ,U ,dkh? vd;w Nfs;tp vOk;.

,yq;if> ,e;jpahtpy; cs;s rhjpKiwia ,J xj;jJ. njhlh;r;rpahd xLf;F Kiw ,d tbtk; vLf;Fk;.

ngy;[pa muR Utz;lhit ifg;gw;wpanghOJ milahs ml;il toq;fpaJ. mij itj;J jhd; xUth;> vd;d ,dk; vd milahsk; fhzKbAk;. gpupj;jhSk; #o;r;rpia ngy;[pak; iff;nfhz;lJ.

cz;ikf;fijia ikakhff; nfhz;l ,g;glj;ij nuup N[hh;[; ,af;fpAs;shh;. rk;gtq;fis ,yFthf;fptpl;lhh; vd;w tpkh;rdKk; ,th; Nky; itf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.;.

100 ehl;fspy; ele;j gy murpay; rfjpfisAk; tpkh;rpj;Js;sdh;. [f;fpa ehLfspdJk;> ntspehl;L muRfspdJk; ftdpg;gpd;ikiaAk; Raeyj;ijAk; tpkh;rpj;J mth;fis Fw;wthspahf;fpAs;sdh;. RdhkpapYk;> <uhf;fpYk; ftdk; nrYj;jpa ,th;fs; Vd; Utz;lhtpy; mf;fiw fhl;ltpy;iy vd;w Nfs;tp vOfpwJ.

[f;fpa ehLfs; nfhydy; xyptuhf ebj;j epf; nehy;l; rpwg;ghf ebj;Js;shh;.

Nghy; Urg[pdhahf ebj;j nlhd; rby; mjp mw;Gjk;. rh;t rhjhuhzkhf ebj;Js;shh;. kpfTk; fbdkhd ghj;jpuk;. ajhh;j;jkhf ebj;Js;shh;. x];fhupd; rpwe;j ebfh; ,Wjpj; Njh;Tf;F njupT nra;ag;glLs;shh; nlhd; rby;. Murpay; FWf;Nf tuhtpbd; ,th; rpwe;j ebfuhf Njh;T nra;ag;glyhk;.

rpwe;j Jiz ebif tpUJf;F Nrhgpah Xf;fd;bNahtpd; ngah; njupT nea;ag;gllLs;sJ.

xU tptuzj;jpiug;glkhf glkhf;fg;glkhy; XU uj;jk; gbe;j tuyhW ,ay;ghf gilf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.; Gj;jupd; ngauhy; Ra Guhzk; ghbath;fs; ,g;glj;ij ghh;g;gJ ey;yJ.

ehq;fs; midtUk; fl;lhak; ghh;f;f Ntz;Lk;. vkf;F gy epidTfis> kPl;Lk;.

,g;glk; 2004 nuhud;Nuh rh;tNjrj; jpiug;gltpohtpy; rpwe;j kf;fs; Njh;T glkhf njupT nra;ag;gl;lJ.

ujd;