fpHf;F g[ypfs; kPJ jhf;Fjy;

:Kd;W tpsf;f';fs;/

g[ypfspd; fpHf;Fj; jsgjpfs; gyq td;dpf;F te;j gpd;dhy; kPz;Lk; fpHf;nf bry;y ,uhQtk; mtqfSf;F tpkhdg; nghf;Ftuj;J trjpfisr; bra;a kWj;jjhy; ,Ggwpfs; Vw;gl;lJ bjupe;jnj/ jw;nghJ mtqfs; Xke;ij Clhf ,uhQtg; ghJfhg;g[ld; g!;!py; fpHf;nf nghf xG';Ffs; bra;ag;gl;oUe;jdq/ Fapypd;gd; cl;gl Rkhq ehw;gJ g[ypfs; g!;!py; gazk; bra;j rkak; mtqfisf; Fwp itj;J elj;jg;gl;l fz;zp btoj; jhf;Fjypy; xU bgz; g[ypf;F kl;Lnk fhak; Vw;gl;lJ/ fhak; gl;ltiu ,uhQtj;jpdq itj;jparhiyf;F bfhz;L brd;W rpfpr;ir mspj;jpUe;jdq/

     tHik nghy. ,uhQtj;jpdupd; ghJfhg;gpy; brd;w g[ypfs; ,j;jhf;FjYf;F ,uhQtj;ija[k; mjd; Jizg;gilfisa[k; Fw;wk; rhl;oapUe;jdq/ ,j;jhf;Fjy; fUzh mzpapduhy; elj;jg;gl;oUf;fyhk; vd;w Cfk; gykhf ,Ue;j nghJk; g[ypfSf;F fUzh mzpapdUf;F mt;thwhd jhf;Fjy; elj;jf; Toa gyk; ,Ug;gij gfpu';fkhf  Vw;Wf; bfhs;s Koatpy;iy/ vdnt j';fSf;F ghJfhg;g[ je;j ,uhQtj;jpdiuf; Fw;wk; rhl;oa[s;sdq/ ,t;thwhf ,uhQtj;jpdq kPJ re;njfk; te;jhy; ,tqfs; ,uhQtj;jpdiu ek;gp gazk; bra;jpUf;f KoahJ/

     kWg[wj;jpy; fUzh rhqg[ ,izaj; jsk; xd;W ,j;jhf;Fjy; g[ypfshnyna elj;jg;gl;oUe;jJ vd;Wk; nrjk; ,y;yhky; jhf;Fjiy elj;Jtjd; :Kyk; vjpqfhyj;jpy; jh';fs; Rje;jpukhf Ma[j';fSld; elkhLtjw;fhd NHiy Vw;gLj;Jtnj ,jd; nehf;fk; vd;W tpsf;fk; mspj;jpUe;jJ/

     nghjhf;Fiwf;F ,uhQtKk; jdJ ghJfhg;g[ ,Ue;jjhnyna g[ypfs; nrjkpd;wp ghJfhg;g[ld; bry;y Koe;jJ vd;W jfty; Fwpg;g[ xd;wpy; TWfpwJ/

bkhj;jj;jpy; xnu epfH;t[// :Kd;W tpsf;f';fs;>

jpUkiyapy; g[ypfspd; tpkhd XLghij epqkhzk; epWj;jk;?

g[ypfspd; ,d;bdhU tpkhdg;gilj; jsk; jpUnfhzkiyg; gFjpapy; mikf;fg;gLtjhfr; bra;jpfs; btspte;jij mLj;J g[ypfs; jw;nghJ rpy eltof;iffis epWj;jpa[s;sjhf rz;nl iuk;!; bjuptpj;jpUf;fpwJ/ fe;jsha; gFjpapy; cs;s fy;Yilf;Fk; epWtdk; xd;wpy; bgUkst[ cilj;j fw;fisf; bfhs;tdt[ bra;a rk;kjpj;jpUe;j g[ypfs; jw;nghJ tpdpnahfj;ij epWj;Jk;go me;j epWtdj;jpw;F mwptpj;jpUf;fpwhqfs;/

     me;jg; gFjpapy; bgUk; fl;Lkhdk; eilbgWtij mur cst[g; gpupt[ mwpe;jpUf;fpwJ/ Rkhq 25 Vf;fq gFjpapy; eilbgw;W tUk; fhL mHpg;g[ gw;wp ,!;nuypa Mspy;yh tpkhdk; vLj;j gl';fspd; :Kyk; g[ydha;t[g; gpupt[ mwpe;J bfhz;Ls;sJ/

,uhQtk; kPJ $dhjpgjpapd; CHy; Fw;wr;rhl;L

g[ypfSld; bghJf;fl;likg;g[ xg;ge;jk; bra;tjw;F Kd;dhy; kfhehaf;fqfSld; ngrpa re;jpupfh ,t;thW xg;ge;jk; bra;ahtpl;lhy; a[j;jk; jhd; xnu tHp vd;Wk; cz;ikahf ehl;Lg;gw;Wld; ciHf;Fk; ,uhQt mjpfhupfSld; kl;Lnk a[j;jj;ij bty;yyhk; vd;Wk; Ma[jf; bfhs;tdt[ :Kyk; gzk; rk;ghjpf;Fk; ,uhQt mjpfhupfis itj;Jf; bfhz;L a[j;jj;ij bty;y KoahJ vd;Wk; bjuptpj;jpUf;fpwhq/

     Kd;g[ uzpy; tpf;fpukrp';ft[k; ,nj nghd;w fUj;ijf; bfhz;oUe;jJld; g[ypfSld; xg;ge;jk; bra;tjw;F mijna fhuzkhft[k; TwpapUe;jhq/ ,uhQtj;jpduhy; Kothf g[ypfis bty;y Koahjjhnyna jhd; rkhjhd xg;ge;jk; bra;a ntz;o te;jjhf mtq TwpapUe;jhq/

     mikr;rqfSk; ,uhQt mjpfhupfSk; Ma[jf; bfhs;tdtpy; CHypy; <Lgl;oUe;jhYk; uzpy; Ml;rpapypUe;j fhyj;jpnyh. re;jpupfh $dhjpgjpahf ,Ue;j fhyj;jpnyh mtqfs; kPJ ve;j eltof;ifa[k; vLf;fg;gltpy;iy/

,y';ifapy; btokUe;J cw;gj;jpj; bjhHpw;rhiy

jw;nghJ ,y';ifapy; ,uhQt Ma[j';fSf;fhd bto kUe;Jfis cw;gj;jp bra;a[k; bjhHpw;rhiy xd;iw cUthf;f cj;njrpf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ/ g[ypfSld; a[j;jk; g[upe;j fhyj;jpnyna cUthf;fg;glhj ,e;j bjhHpw;rhiy jw;nghJ rkhjhd fhyj;jpy; cUthf;fg;gLtjw;F nkypl CHy; bjhlqg[fs; jhd; fhuzk; vd;W Twg;gLfpwJ/ ,e;j btokUe;Jfs; Rygkhf btspehLfspypUe;J bfhs;tdt[ bra;ag;glf; Toad/ ,Ue;Jk; bjhHpw;rhiyia cUthf;Ftjpy; nky;kl;lj;jpy; if ,Ug;gjhf bfhGk;g[g; gj;jpupiff; Fwpg;g[ xd;W TWfpd;wJ/

flw;gilf; fg;gy; th';FtjpYk; CHy;?

,y';iff; flw;gilf;F mbkupf;f nghUjtpj; jiu jl;Lk; fg;gy; xd;iw ,';fpyhe;jpypUe;J th';f flw;gilj; jsgjpy; jah re;jfpup gupe;Jiuj;jJ gw;wp jw;nghJ nfs;tpfs; vGe;Js;sd/ ,y';ifg; gzj;jpy; 1800 nfho :Ugh brytpy; th';fg;glt[s;s ,e;j fg;gYf;F khjhe;j brytPdk; kl;Lk; IE}W kpy;ypad; :Ugh brythFk;/ ,';fpyhe;J Mqb$d;Odht[ld; nghf;yhe;J a[j;jj;jpy; ghtpj;j ,e;jf; fg;gy; th';fg;gLtjpy; gy mjpfhupfSf;F cld;ghoy;iy/ gy;ntW a[j;j thfd';fisa[k; cgfuz';fisa[k; bfhz;L bry;yf; Toa ,e;jf; fg;giy th';FtjpYk; CHy; ele;jpUg;gjhf fUjg;gLfpwJ/

g[ypfisj; jh$h gz;Qk; re;jpupfh

g[ypfisj; jpUg;jpg;gLj;Jtjpy; re;jpupfh gy Kaw;rpfspy; <Lgl;L tUfpwhq/ bghJf;fl;likg;igf; ifr;rhj;jpLtjw;fhf n$/tp/gp. gpf;Ffs; vd midtuJ vjpqg;g[f;Fk; kj;jpapy; Kad;W tUk; mtq jw;nghJ jpUnfhzkiy flw;gilj; jsgjp xUtiu ,lkhw;wk; bra;Js;shq/

     jpUnfhzkiyapy; g[j;jrpiy ehl;lg;gl;lJ bjhlqghf rqr;irf;Fs;shd wpaq ml;kpuy; ruj; tPunrfu jw;nghJ bfhGk;igj; jiyikafkhff; bfhz;l nkw;Fg; gFjpf;F ,lkhw;wk; bra;ag;gl;Ls;shq/ ,tq g[j;jrpiyia itg;gjw;F Kaw;rpj;j thfdr; rhujpfs; FGt[f;F nghf;Ftuj;Jf;F cjtpajhft[k; rpiy mfw;wg;gl khl;lhJ vd cWjpaspj;jjhft[k; mur cst[g;gpupt[ mspj;j mwpf;ifg;go ,tq kPJ tprhuizfs; ele;jpUe;jd/

     rk;ge;jDk; ,J Fwpj;J m;urh';fj;jpw;F mGj;jk; bfhLj;jpUe;jjhft[k; jw;nghJ ,e;j flw;gil mjpfhup ,lkhw;wk; bra;ag;gl;Ls;sjhft[k; rz;nl iuk;!; bjuptpf;fpwJ/ gpe;jpa bra;jpfspd;go flw;gilj; jsgjpapd; fl;lisfSf;F nkyhf. $dhjpgjp re;jpupfh ,e;j jsgjpia bfhGk;gpy; fl;lisj; jiyikafj;jpd; cjtpg; gpujk mjpfhupahf epakpj;Js;shq/

g[ydha;t[ mjpfhupapd; bfhiy gw;wp tprhuiz

rkPgj;jpy; bfhiy bra;a;ggl;l ,uhQtg; g[ydha;t[g;gpuptpd; mjpfhupahd Kj;jhypg; bfhiy rk;ge;jkhf eilbgWk; tprhuizfspy; mtq jdpna gazk; bra;j tplak; g[ypfSf;F vg;goj; bjupa te;jJ vd;gJ gw;wpa re;njfk; vGg;gg;gl;Ls;sJ/ ehub&d;gpl;oatpy; cs;s khjh nydpy; cs;s ,uhQt tpLjpapy; ,Ue;J mtq thfdj;jpy; Vwpa nghJ ahUk; fz;oUf;f Koahj epiyapy; mtq jdpna gazk; bra;a[k; tpguk; g[ypfSf;F vg;gof; fpl;oaJ vd;gJ Fwpj;Jk; tprhupf;fg;gLfpwJ/

     g[ydha;t[g;gpuptpy; cs;stqfspy; ahuhtJ jfty; bfhLj;jpUf;fyhk; vd;nw re;njfk; epyt[fpwJ/  

rptuhk; bfhiy bjhlqghf ,Utq re;njfj;jpd; ngupy; ifJ

rptuhk; bfhiy bjhlqghf ,uz;L ngq re;njfj;jpd; ngupy; ifJ bra;ag;gl;Ls;sjhft[k; mtqfsplk; ,Ue;J rptuhkpd; ifj;bjhiyngrpapd; milahs ml;il ifg;gw;wg;gl;Ls;sjhft[k; ,y';ifg; bghyp!; gilapd; Fw;wtpay; gpuptpd; rpnu=;l mj;jpal;rfq ruj; Y}bfhl bjuptpj;jpUf;fpwhq/ ifJ bra;ag;gl;ltqfs; kPJ bjhlqe;Jk; tprhuiz eilbgWfpwJ/ kfufkg; gFjpapy; eilbgw;w ,e;jf; ifJfspd; nghJ. bfhiyapd; gad;gLj;jg;gl;ljhfr; re;njfpf;fg;gLk; gn$nuh uf thfdKk; ifg;gw;wg;gl;oUf;fpwJ/

    MWKfk; rpwp!;fe;juh$d; (gPw;wq). ntyha[jd; ey;yehjq Mfpa ,UtUnk ifJ bra;ag;gl;ltqfs;/ !;fe;juh$dplk; rptuhkpd; bjhiyngrpapd; milahs ml;il ifg;gw;wg;gl;lJ/

    ,tqfs; g[bshl; mikg;igr; nrqe;jtqfs; vdr; bra;jpfs; btspte;j nghJk; gpgprpf;F ngl;oaspj;j Y}bfhl me;jr; bra;jpfis kWj;jpUf;fpwhq/ btspte;j kw;wr; bra;jpfspd;go !;fe;juh$d; bfhGk;gpy; g[bshl; mikg;gpd; thfdr; rhujpahfg; gzpg[upe;jtq vd;Wk; ifg;gw;wg;gl;l thfdk; g[bshl; mikg;g[ilaJ vd;Wk; Twg;gLfpwJ/ !;fe;juh$d; vz;gJfspy; ,Ue;J g[bshl; cWg;gpduhf ,Ug;gjhft[k; khiyjPt[ g[ul;rpr;rjp tHf;fpy; Ie;J tUl';fs; rpiwapy; ,Ue;jtq vd;Wk; ifJ bra;ag;gl;l kw;wtuhd ey;yehjq kPJ bfhiyf;fhd Mjhu';fs; vJt[k; ,y;iy vd;gjhy; mtq tpLjiy bra;ag;glyhk; vd;Wk; Twg;gl;Ls;sJ/

    bghyprhUf;F mspj;j thf;F:Kyj;jpy; jdJ ez;gq xUtq jd;dplk; thfdj;ij ,uty; th';fp;ajhft[k; kWehs; thfdj;ij jpUg;gpj; jUk;nghJ rptuhkpd; bjhiyngrpapd; milahs ml;iliaf; bfhLj;J mj;bjhiyngrpia miHg;gtqfspd; tpgu';fisg; gjpt[ bra;a[khW Twpajhft[k; !;fe;juh$d; bjuptpj;jpUf;fpwhq/ ,k;khjk; 2k; jpfjp Kjy; ,tq kPJ bghyprhq fz; itj;jpUe;jjhft[k; rptuhkpd; bjhiyngrpj; bjhlqg[fisf; bfhz;nl ,tiu ifJ bra;a Koe;jJ vd;Wk; bghyprhq TwpapUf;fpwhqfs;/ Mq/Mq vdg;gLk; ,d;bdhUtiua[k; bghyprhq njo tUfpwhqfs;/

    jdJ thf;F:Kyj;jpy; ,e;jf; bfhiyf;Fk; g[bshl;Lf;Fk; rk;ge;jkpy;iy vdt[k; !;fe;juh$d; TwpapUg;gjhf me;jr; bra;jp nkYk; bjuptpf;fpwJ/

,d;!;bgf;lq b$auj;jpdk; kPJ ky;yhtp ePjpkd;wj;jpy; tprhuiz

g[ypfshy; flj;jpr; bry;yg;gl;l cst[g;gpupt[ bghyp!; ,d;!;bgf;luhd b$auj;jpdk; kPJ g[ypfspd; ky;yhtp ePjpkd;wj;jpy; tprhuiz eilbgWtjhf blapyp kpuq vGjpapUf;fpwJ/ jiytq gpughfuDf;F Jnuhfk; ,iHj;jjhft[k; kj;jpat';fpf; Fz;Lbtog;g[ Fwpj;J tprhuizfs; nkw;bfhz;ljhft[k; Fw;wk; rhl;o ,tq kPJ g[ypfs; tprhuiz bra;tjhft[k; tprhuizfspd; nghJ mtq rpj;jputij bra;ag;gl;ljhft[k; blapyp kpuq nkYk; bjuptpj;jpUf;fpwJ/

bghJf;fl;likg;gpd; mikg;g[ Kiw// blapyp kpuq bra;jp btspapl;lJ/

re;jpupfh g[ypfSld; Vw;gLj;j ,Uf;Fk; bghJf;fl;likg;g[ gw;wp tpgu';fs; blapyp kpuq gj;jpupifapy; btspaplg;gl;oUf;fpwJ/ ,jd;go :Kd;W kl;l';fspy; gy;ntW gpujpepjpfs; g';Fgw;Wthqfs;/ khtl;l mog;gilapyhd FGtpw;F g[ypfs; gpujpepjpfshff; fye;J bfhs;s KoahJ/ me;jf; FGtpy; njqjypy; bjupt[ bra;ag;gl;ltqfs;. I/eh mikg;g[fs;. bjhz;lq epWtd';fs;. cs;:Suhl;rp mjpfhupfs; kl;Lnk g';Fgw;Wtq/ ,e;j kl;lj;jpy; g[ypfspd; cWg;gpdqfs; fye;J bfhs;s Koahtpl;lhYk;. g[ypfspd; gpdhkpfshd jkpH;;j;njrpa mikg;g[k; g[ypfspd; jkpHq g[dqthH;t[f;fHfKk; g';nfw;fyhk;/ MdhYk;. ahH;;g;ghz khtl;lj;jpy; </gp/o/gp ghuhSkd;w cWg;gpdq cs;sjhy; m';F </gp/o/gp g';FbgWk;/ fpHf;fpy; I/nj/fl;rp. Rje;jpuf; fl;rpf; Tl;lzp. K!;ypk; fh';fpu!; nghd;wdt[k; m';fj;Jtk; bgWk;/

    ,e;j khtl;l kl;lj;jpw;F nky; khfhz. njrpa kl;lj;jpyhd FGf;fs; cUthf;fg;gLk;/ ,it khtl;l FGf;fshy; Kd;itf;fg;gl;l jpl;l';fis mKy; gLj;Jk;/ ,e;j kl;l';fspy; g[ypfs; gpujpepjpj;Jtk; bgWthqfs;/ khfhz kl;lj;jpy; gj;J cWg;gpdqfspy; Itq g[ypfshft[k; :Ktq K!;ypk; fl;rpfshft[k; ,Utq mur rhqgpYk; cWg;gpdqfshf ,Ug;gq/

    njrpa kl;lj;jpy; :Kd;W cWg;gpdqfspy; xUtq g[yp ,af;fj;jpduhft[k; xUtq K!;ypk; fl;rp cWg;gpduhft[k; xUtq mur jug;gpYkhf ,lk; bgWtq/  

    njrpa. khfhz kl;l';fspy; K!;ypk;fs; jtpqe;j kw;wtqfSf;F fl;rp uPjpahd m';fj;Jtk; ,y;iy/ khfhz. njrpa kl;l';fspy; bgUk;ghd;ik thf;Ffspd;gona Kot[fs; vLf;fg;gLk;/ gj;J cWg;gpdqfspy; ,uz;L my;yJ mjw;F nkw;gl;l cWg;gpdqfs; Kot[fs; j';fs; eyd;fSf;F KuzhdJ vd;W fUjpdhy;. FG gj;J cWg;gpdupy; VG ngupd; Mjuitg; bgw ntz;Lk;/

    khtl;lf; FG Kd; itj;j jpl;l';fis khfhz FG epuhfupj;jhy;. khtl;lf; FG nkd;KiwaPL bra;ayhk;/ MdhYk; mjd; kPjhd jPqg;g[ :Kd;wpy; ,uz;L bgUk;ghd;ikahf ,Uf;f ntz;Lk;/

    khfhzf; FGf; Tl;l';fs; rqtnjr cjtp tH';Fk; ehLfspd; ,uz;L gpujpepjpfshy; mtjhdpf;fg;gLk;/ ,y';if muRk; cyf t';fpa[k; tFj;j tiuKiwfSf;Fs; jpl;l';fs; guprPypf;fg;gl;L bgUk;ghd;ik Mjut[ld; epiwntw;wg;gLk;/ jpiwnrupna btspehl;L cjtpfisg; bgw;W tpdpnahfpf;Fk;/ khfhz kl;lj;jpy; epjpf;F cyf t';fp bghWg;ghf ,Uf;Fk;/ rqtnjr kl;lj;jpyhd fzf;Ffs;. rupghqg;g[fs; vd;gd mKyhf;fg;gLk;/

,y';if ,e;jpa ghJfhg;g[ xg;ge;jk; tpiutpy; ifr;rhj;jhfyhk;

,y';iff;Fk; ,e;jpaht[f;Fkhd ghJfhg;g[ xg;ge;jk; tpiutpy; ifr;rhj;jhFk; vd ,e;jpa btsptptfhu mikr;rq el;tq rp'; Twpa[s;shq/  ,e;j xg;ge;jk; Fwpj;j ngr;Rthqj;ijfSk; eltof;iffSk; eilbgWtjhft[k; ghJfhg;g[j; Jiwapy; ,U ehLfSk; bgUkstpy; xj;JiHg;g[ eltof;iffspy; <Lgl;Ls;sjhft[k; mtq nkYk; Twpdhq/

    ,t;thwhd xg;ge;jk; xd;iw nkw;bfhs;sf; TlhJ vd;W it/nfhghyrhkp bgUk; Ml;nrgk; bjuptpj;J te;j nghJk;. jw;nghJ ,e;jpah g[ypfspd; tpkhd';fs; Fwpj;j rqr;irapd; gpd;dhy; mjpf mf;fiw fhl;o tUfpwJ/ ,e;jpah ,y';ifapd; ghJfhg;gpy; bjhlqe;Jk; mf;fiw bfhz;L tUtjhft[k; ,y';ifapd; ,iwikf;Fk; xUikg;ghl;ow;Fk; ,e;jpah jd; mqg;gzpg;ig tH';Fk; vd;Wk; mtq gj;jpupifahsq khehl;oy; ngRk; nghJ bjuptpj;jhq/

    jw;nghJ g[ypfspd; tpkhd';fis vjpqbfhs;s tpkhdg; ghJfhg;g[ nulhq cgfuz';fis ,e;jpah ,y';iff;F tH';ft[s;sJ/

jpUkiyapy; g[ypfspd; ,d;bdhU tpkhdj;jskh?

g[ypfs; jpUnfhzkiyg; gFjpapy; ,d;bdhU tpkhdj;jsj;ij epqkhzpg;gjhf rz;nl iuk;!; gj;jpupifapy; ,f;ghy; mj;jh!; vGjpa thuhe;jf; fl;Liuapy; bjuptpf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ/ g[ypfspd; tpkhdg;giliaf; fl;obaGg;g g[ypfs; btspehLfspy; tpkhdg; nghf;Ftuj;J epWtd';fspy; gzpahw;Wk; jkpHqfspd; cjtpia ehoapUg;gjhff; bjupatUfpwJ/ fle;j khjk; mbkupf;fhtpy; tpkhd epWtdk; xd;wpy; ,ae;jputpay; Jiwapy; gzpg[upa[k; "hduj;jpdk; vd;gtUk; Rtp!; ehl;oy; tpkhd epWtdj;jpy; gzpahw;Wk; R$Pe;jpud; vd;gtUk; rkPgj;jpy; td;dpf;F te;J g[ypfspd; tpkhdg;gil epqkhzj;jpw;F Mnyhrid tH';fpajhf rz;nl iuk;!; jfty; TWfpwJ/

   jw;nghJ g[ypfs; j';fs; tpkhdg;gilf;F Ml;fisr; nrqj;J tUtjhft[k; g[ypfspd; fl;Lg;ghl;Lg; gFjpapy; Rtbuhl;ofSk; xypbgUf;fpfSk; Ml;nrqg;g[ eltof;ifapy; <Lgl;L tUtjhft[k; Twg;gLfpwJ/ mj;Jld; jw;nghJ ,ae;jputpay;. guhkupg;g[g; gpupt[fSk; g[ypfspd; tpkhd XLghijg; gFjpapy; epqkhzpf;fg;gl;oUg;gjhft[k;. tpkhdk; :Kyk; VjhtJ jhf;Fjy;fs; mg;gFjp kPJ elj;jg;gl;lhy; mij vjpqbfhs;tjw;fhf tpkhd vjpqg;g[ cgfuz';fSk; bghUj;jg;gl;oUg;gjhft[k; mj;jfty; nkYk; TWfpwJ/

   g[ypfspd; tpkhd';fs; gw;wpa jfty;fs; btspte;jJk; g[ypfs; mtw;iw ghJfhg;ghf ,l';fspy; kiwj;J itj;jpUg;gjhf bjuptpf;fg;gLfpwJ/

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