jkpHpy; maw;FwpaPLfs;

rptnrfuk;

,d;W jkpHpw; gad;gLk; vz;fs; maypypUe;J te;jit vd;W mwpnthk;/ khj;jpiuf; Fwpfs; (miuj;jupg;g[. KGj;jupg;g[. tpBf;Fwp. Mr;rupaf;Fwp. nkw;nfhs; Fwpfs; kw;Wk; Fwpfs;) kug[j; jkpHpy; ,y;yhjd/ ,d;W mitapd;wp jkpHpw; ruptu vGj Koahj ep]y Vw;gl;Ls;sJ/ ,tw;wpd; maw; jd;ikiag; gw;wp jdpj;jkpH;thjpfSk; kugpd; fhtyqfSk; mjpfk; ft]yg;gLtjpy;]y/ jkpHpd; xypapaw; gpur;r]diaj; jPq;f;f nkyjpf vGj;Jf;fs; njit vd;Ay; kl;Lk; ,tqfSf;F nuh=k; bghj;Jf; bfhz;L tUk;/ kug[j; jkpHhy; ,ayhjJ vJt[kpy;]y vd;W nghqf;bfho J}f;Fthqfs;/

        jkpHpy; tp";"hdf; f]yr; brhw;f]s g[]dtjpy; gy gpur;r]dfs; ,Ue;jd/ ,urhad :Kyf';f]s Fwpf;fj; jkpHpy; ,Ue;j brhw;fs; jkpHUf;Fg; g[jpadthd cnyhf';f]sf; Fwpf;fg; nghjhikahy; mtw;wpd; M';fpyr; brhw;f]sna (nrhoak;. k';fdPR. FnAkpak;. rpypf;fd; vd;wthW) jkpH;g;gLj;jpf; bfhz;nlhk;/ ,Uk;g[. brk;g[. ehfk;. fup. fe;jfk; nghd;w brhw;fs; :Kyf';f]sf; Fwpf;f bghUj;jkhdjhf ,Ue;j nghJk; Tl;Lg; bghUl;f]sf; Fwpf;Fk; nghJ Vw;glf; Toa gpur;r]df]s kdjpy; bfhz;L  mak;. bfhg;gq. rp';F. fhgd;. ry;gq vd;wthW f]yr; brhw;fs; ,y';ifapy; g[]dag;gl;ld/ ,it  nkyjpfkhd brhw;fshf (jkpH; tHf;fpy; ,Ue;J te;J brhw;fSf;Fr; rkBft[k; mtrpakhdnghJ gpujpaPLfshft[k;) mike;jik jkpH;f;f]yr; brhy;yhf;fj;jpd; rpy rpf;fy;f]sj; jPqf;f cjtpaJ/ ,tw;Ay; gpw rpf;fy;fs; vHhkypy;]y/ MapDk; rpf;fy;fns ,y;yhj jPqt[fs; vspjhdita[k; my;y/ vg;nghJk; rhj;jpakhdita[k; my;y/ ,j]df; Tlr;. rpwpJ rpukj;Jld;. jkpHpd; J}a;ikthjpfshy; $Puzpf;f Koa[k;/ ,e;j :Kyf';fsJk; mtw;wpd; Tl;Lg; bghUl;fspdJk; tp";"hdf; FwpaPLfs; nuhkd; vGj;Jf;fspnyna rqtnjr uPjpahf Vw;fg;gl;Ls;sd/ rPBt[k; u=;aht[k; $g;ghDk; mtw;iw Vw;Ws;sd/ ,e;jpa bkhHpfspYk; urhadf; FwpaPLfs; nuhkd; vGj;J totpnyna Vw;fg;gl;Ls;sd/ mst[f]sf; Fwpf;Fk; myFfSk; (m, kg, kw nghd;W)  nuhkd; my;yJ fpnuf;f vGj;Jf;fspnyna gad;gLfpd;wd/ ,tw;Wf;Fupa jkpH;g;gpujpaPLfs; mrhj;jpak; vd ehd; fUjtpy;]y/ MapDk; jkpH;f;FwpaPLfs; gad;gLkhapd; mjd; tp]st[ jkpHuJk; jkpHpdJk; eyd; ngQtjhf ,uhJ vd;gJ cWjp/ ,Jgw;wp kug[thjpfspd; vz;zk; vd;dnth bjupahJ/

        vz; fzpjj;jpYk; nfj;jpufzpjj;jpYk; ehk; æFwpg;gpl;l vz; x vd;fÆ my;yJ æKf;nfhzk; abc apd; g[a';fs;Æ nghd;w brhw;bAlqf]sf; fhQfpnAk;/ me;jst[f;F nuhkd; vGj;Jf;fs; jkpHpy; caqfy;tpf;F  mj;jpahtrpakhditahfp tpl;ld/ ,tw;iw tpl Kf;fpakhf  jkpHpw; gpujpaplnt Koahj Kiwapy; M';fpy CLUty; fzpjr; rkd;ghLfspYk; tp";"hdr; Nj;jpu';fspYk; epfH;e;Js;sJ/ ,J. jkpHpy; æKf;nfhzk; frlÆ gw;wpa[k; æy vd;w vz;Æ gw;wpa[k; ngRtjhYk; brk;ig br vd;w vGj;jhy; Fwpj;Jk; mfw;w ,ayhj xU mog;gilahd maw;jd;ikahFk;/

        8-1=7 vd;w rkd;ghLk;

C+O2 ->CO2 vd;w Nj;jpuKk; jkpH; ,yf;fzj;Jf;F KuZd mikg;g[fshFk;/  rkd; milahsKk; mk;g[f;Fwpa[k; tp]dr; brhw;fs; (my;yJ brhw;bAlqfs;)/ ,';F gad;gLk; rfy milahs';fSk; ,yf;fz uPjpahd TWfs;/ vdnt vspa rkd;ghLf]sa[k; Nj;jpu';f]sa[k; M';fpy trd';fshfnt ehk; thrpf;f Koa[k;/ jkpHpy; ,tw;iw vGJtjhBy;

ævl;odpd;W xd;iwf; fHpj:;J tUtJ VGf;Fr; rkk;Æ

æfupa[e; jPafK"; nrqe;jhw; fupapUjPaij fpilf;Fk;Æ vd;w tpjkhf tuntz;Lk;/ fHpj;jy;. Tl;ly;. rkd;. mkg[f;Fwp milahs';fs; jkpH; trdj;jpy; tUk; ,l';fs; rkd;ghl;oYk; Nj;jpuj;jpYk; tUk; ,l';fsy;y/

8, 1-7= vd;Wk;

C, O2, CO2-> vd;Wk;

my;yJ jkpGf;F nkYk; tpRthrkhf

m.f–v≠ vd;Wk;

fh. xc±. fhxc–˘ vd;Wk; vGjp J}a jkpiHf; fhg;ghw;w vtUk; K]datpy;]y/

        fzpj. tp";"hdf; FwpaPLfspd; ,yf;fzk; jkpHpyf;fzj;jpdpd;W ntWgl;l xd;W/ mijj; jkpH; :Kyk; tp";"hdk; fw;gpf;Fk; E}y;fspy; jhuhskhf  cyht tpLfpnAk;/ mJ gw;wpa  ft]y VJk; ekJ kugpd; khtPuqfSf;F ,Ug;gjhf bjupatpy;]y/ Shakespeare I kl;Lk; n=f;!;gpaq vd;W vGjpBy; ,y;]y. brfg;gpupaq vd;W jhd; vGj ntz;Lk; vd;W Kuz;Lthqfs;/ Dudly Stamp, King George, Oedipus vd;w ngqfs; vy;yhk; ,ll;oyp jhk;g[. nahr;R kd;dq. ,og;gR vd;W jhd; jkpHpy; te;jhf ntz;Lk;/ ,J mtqfs; jkpHuha; gpwf;fhj ghtk;. jkpHpdj;jpd; j]ytpjp/