rpW rhiyapd; ghly;
(,J fijay;y...)
mUz;
fhuzk; ,d;wp fhupak; ,y;iy!
md;W
,e;jpa efuhf ,Ue;J> ,d;W ghfp];jhd; efuhf ,Uf;Fk; rpay;nfhw; efupy; 1924 ,y;
gpwe;J (,d;Wtiu) ghf;fp];jhd;-,e;jpa ,Ogwpapy; ,Uf;Fk; fh\;kPupy; Muk;gf;
fy;tpia Kbj;jpUe;j gd;rp re;jpuFg;jh rpj;jpuf;fiyapy; Mu;tk; kpf;ftu;. ,tu; 1940
fhyg; gFjpapy; fy;fj;jhtpd; jh$u; fiyf;$l rpj;jpuf;fiy NkijAk; jh$upd; kUkfDkhd
Rghg; jh$iur; re;jpf;fpwhu;. ,e;jr; re;jpg;gpd; Ngwhy; gd;rp jdJ rpj;jpu
Mu;tj;ijAk; mwpitAk; tpUj;jp nra;tjw;fhf jh$u; fiyf; fy;Y}upapy;
Nru;e;Jnfhs;fpwhu;.
1937 ,y; Nkw;F tq;fhsj;jpy; gpwe;j Jyhy; lj;jh gj;J tajhf ,Uf;fk;NghJ tPl;iltpl;L nuapNywp ez;gd; xUtDld; gk;gha;f;F Xb te;JtpLfpwhu;. ,il topapy; kyry$lj;jpw;Fr; nrd;w ez;gd; te;J NrUk; Kd;Ng nuapy; Gwg;gl;Ltpl Jyhy; lj;jh jd;de;jdpahf gk;gha; nuapy; epiyaj;jpy; te;J ,wq;Ffpwhu;. nra;tjwpahJ fz;fyq;fpagb epd;wpUe;j lj;jhitf; fz;l Gj;jff;filf;fhunuhUtu; mtiu“Mde;j g[hu;”gj;jpupifia tPLtPlhf tpepNahfpf;Fk; Ntiyf;F mku;j;jptpLfpwhu;. rpdpkhj;jhgdk; xd;wpy; Ntiynra;Ak; tq;fhsp xUtUf;F gj;jpupif tpepNahfpj;jjpy; gupr;raNkw;gl> mtu; jathy; Jyhy; gj;jpupif tpepNahfj;ij tpl;L rpdpkh ];&bNahtpy; Ntiyf;Fr; Nru;fpwhu;. Kjypy; fpshg; mbf;Fk; Ntiy. mJ rypj;Jg;Nghf vbl;lu; xUtiu nfQ;rpf; Nfl;L vbl;bq; miwg; igadhf Ntiy nra;fpwhu;. jd;dhu;tj;jpy; Jyhy; mq;F vbl;bq; EZf;fq;fis mwpe;Jnfhz;L fy;fj;jhTf;F te;JtpLfpwhu;.
1930 ,y; fy;fj;jhtpy; gpwe;j Rg;ujh kpj;uh ghlrhiy ehl;fspNyNa rpdpkhg; igj;jpakhfj; jpupe;jhu;. mtuJ rNfhjuu;fs; ,q;fpyhe;jpy; fy;tpfw;W itj;jpau;fshfTk; mur caujpfhup fshfTk; Mdjhy;> FLk;g tpUg;Gg;gb tpQ;Qhdj; Jiwapy; gbj;Jf;nfhz;lhYk; ,tNuh Gifg;glk; vLg;gjpNyNa ftdk; nrYj;jpf;nfhz;bUe;jhu;.
1921 ,y;
fy;fj;jhtpy; gpwe;j rj;jpa[pj; mLj;j Mz;Nl je;ijia ,oe;Jtpl jha;khkd; jatpy;
jhahUld; tho;e;Jte;jhu;. jhahu; FLk;gKk; je;ij FLk;gKk; guk;giuahf mr;Rf;$lk;
elj;jpte;jjhy; rj;jpa[pj;jpw;Fk; mjpy; <LghL ,Ue;jJ. ,tu; gy;fiyf; fy;Y}upapy; ,uz;L
tUlq;fs; tpQ;Qhdg;gpuptpy; gbj;Jtpl;L %d;whk; tUlk; nghUsh- jhutpay; gbj;jhu;.
gpd;du; mijAk; iftpl;L jh$upd; rhe;jpepNfjdpy; rpj;jpuf; fy;tp fw;whu;. ,tu; ,g;gb
Jiwfs; khwpg; gbj;jhYk; tplhJ nra;j tplaq;fs; ,ir Nfl;gJ rpdpkh ghu;g;gJ> rpdpkh
rQ;rpifs; thrpg;gJ vd;gd. 20 tajpy; ,tu; b.N[. fPdu; nfhk;gdp vd;w gpupj;jhdpa
mr;Rg; gpuRuf; nfhk;gdpapy; ml;ilg;glk; tiugtuhf Ntiyf;Fr; Nru;e;jhu;.
,tu;fs; ehy;tUk; vg;gbr; Nru;e;jhu;fs; vd;d rhjid nra;jhu;fs; vd;gNj ,dp...
1940 fspy; fy;fj;jhtpy; mnkupf;fj; jfty; ikak; xd;W ,aq;fpte;jJ. mNj fl;blj;jpy; mtu;fs; nghJ E}yfk; xd;iwAk; elj;jpte;jhu;fs;. cyf rpj;jpuq;fs; gw;wpa Gj;jfq;fis thrpg;gjw;fhf gd;rp re;jpuFg;jh mq;F nry;tJz;L. mq;F Nkiyj;Njr ,ir kw;Wk; rpdpkh gw;wpa Gj;jfq;fs; thrpg;gjw;F rj;jpa[pj;Jk; nrd;Wnfhz;bUe;jhu;. ,tu;fs; ,UtUk; mq;F mbf;fb re;jpj;jjhy; Vw;gl;l gupl;irak; el;ghf tsu;e;jJ. ,Jjhd; gps;isahu; Rop.
,uz;lhk; cyfg; Nghu; KbTw;w gpd; fy;fj;jhtpy; Kfhkpl;bUe;j mnkup;f;fj; JUg;Gfs; jk; Kfhk;fspy; mNkupf;fj; jpiug;glq;fisj; jpiuapl;L kf;fSf;F fhl;bte;jdu;. ,jidg; ghu;f;fr;nrd;w rj;jpa[pj;> rpj;jhe;j jh];Fg;jh> uhkehj nre;Fg;jh> `upRjd; jh];Fg;jh> yhy; nrsj;jpup> gd;rp re;jpuFg;jh Mfpa ez;gu;fs; ,ize;J “fy;fj;jh jpiug;glr; rq;fk;” vd;w mikg;ig cUthf;fpdhu;fs;. mnkupf;fj; JUg;Gfs; n`hypT+l; jpiug;glq;fis fhl;rpg;gLj;jpaNtis ,tu;fs; jk; rpdpkhr; rq;fj;jpy; INuhg;gpa jpiug;glq;fis jpiuapl;lhu;fs;. ,j;jpiug;glq;fshy; ftug;gl;l ,tu;fs; jhKk; xU rpdpkhg;glk; vLj;jhy; vd;d vd;w jpl;lj;ij Kd;itj;jhu;fs;. mjw;F Kd; rpdpkh vLg;gJ vg;gb vd;W njupa Ntz;Lky;yth? rj;jpa[pj; E}yfj;jpy; rpdpkh ,yf;fzk; rpdpkhf; ifE}y; vd;gtw;iw thrpj;jhu;. gd;rp re;jpuFg;jhTf;Nfh re;ju;g;gk; jhdfNt te;jJ. Nfu;kd; Fg;jh ,af;fpa “mgpahj;jpup” jpiug;glj;jpd; fiy ,af;Fduhf jh$upd; Rghg; jh$u; xg;ge;jk; nra;ag;gl;lNghJ Rghg; jh$u; jdJ cjtpahsuhf gd;rpia Nru;j;Jf;nfhz;lhu;. ,jdhy; ,tu; mbf;fb rpdpkh ];&bNahTf;F nry;Yk; tha;g;Gf;fpilj;jJ. mq;F mtu; vbl;lu; miwapy; Ntiy nra;Ak; Jyhy; lj;jhitr; re;jpf;fpwhu;. - ,r;re;jpg;G xU $l;L Kaw;rpapd; Kjy;g;gbahf mikfpwJ.
Rghg;
jh$u; ,af;Fdu; Nfu;kd; Fg;jhTld; Kuz;gl;L ,ilapy; tpyfptpl gd;rp kPjpia
Kbj;Jf;nfhLf;Fk;gb Neu;e;Jtpl;lJ. ,e;j mDgtj;jpy; mtu; gyijAk; fw;Wf;nfhz;lhu;.
xU rpdpkh Mf;fj;jpd; fiy ,af;Fdu; nghWg;ig Vw;Fk; jpwikia ngw;Wf;nfhz;lhu;.
jpiug;glk; vLf;Fk; fdTld; ,Uf;Fk; ez;gu;fs; tl;lj;jpy; gd;rp kl;LNk XusT rpdpkhj; njhopypy; <Lgl;lhu;. kw;iwNahu; rpdpkh ];&bNahg; gf;fk;$l nry;y tha;g;gpy;yhjtu;fs;. MdhYk; jpiug;glk; vLg;gJ vd;w jp;lj;Jld; ,Ue;jhu;fs;. jpiug;glk; vLg;gjw;F ey;y fij Ntz;Lk;. mJNt mtu;fspd; Kjy;j;Njlyhf ,Ue;jJ. mLj;jJ mjw;fhd jpiuf;fijfis vOJtJ. mf;fhyj;jpy; ehty;fNs jpiug;glkhf jahupf;fg;gl;Lf;nfhz;bUe;jd. ,jdhy; ve;j ehty; jpiug;glkhfpwJ vd nra;jp te;jJk; rj;jpa[pj; me;j ehtiy thrpj;JtpLthu;. jpiug;glk; ntspahdJk; mijg; Ngha;g;ghu;g;ghu;. gpd;du; ehtiy Kjypy; thrpj;Jtpl;L jpiug;glk; ntsptuKjy; mjw;fhd jpiuf;fijia jhNd vOjpf;nfhs;thu;. jpiug;glk; ntspte;jgpd; jhd; vOjpitj;jpUe;jJld; xg;gpl;Lg;ghu;g;ghu;. ,jpy; XusT Njwpte;jNghJk; jkf;fhd fij VJk; jd;id trPfupf;fhjjhy; jhNd fijfs; vOjpg;ghu;j;jhu;. vTTk; rupahf mikatpy;iy vd;wNghJ mijAk; iftpl;Ltpl;L ,Ue;Jtpl;lhu;.
1950 ,y; rj;jpa[pj; Ntiy nra;j b.N[> fPdu; nfhk;gdp jdpahf rpf;ndj; gjpg;gfk; vDk; nfhk;gdpia Muk;gpj;J Gj;jfq;fis ntspaplj;njhlq;fpaJ. mjw;fhd Kd;dl;ilg;glk; tiuAk; nghWg;G rj;jpa[pj;jpw;F nfhLf;fg;gl;lJ. mNjahz;bd; eLg;gFjpapy; tpG+jpG+rd; vDk; gpugy;akhd ehtyhrpupaupd; ehty; xd;iw rpWtu;fSf;fhd rpj;jpuf; fijg;Gj;jfkhf gjpg;gpf;Fk; xg;ge;jj;ij Vw;Wf;nfhz;l rpf;ndj; gjpg;gfk; mjw;fhd KOg; nghWg;igAk; rj;jpa[pj;jplk; xg;gilj;jJ. mjw;fhf KO ehtiyAk; thrpj;j mtu;; me;ehtypy; Kw;whf fpwq;fpg;Nghdhu;. mijNa jpiug;glk; Mf;fg;Nghtjhf KbntLj;Jf;nfhz;lhu;. ,e;j Kbit kw;wtu;fsplk; nrhd;dNghJ gyUk; vs;speifahbdu;. ,Ue;Jk; mjw;fhd jpiuf;fijia vOjpdhu;. rpy jahupg;ghsu;fis mZfp me;jj; jpiuf;fijia jpiug;glkhf;f NfhupaNghJ mJ Nfspf;ifahdjhf ,y;iyNa vdf;$wp jahupf;f kWj;Jtpl;ldu;. kdk; rypj;j mtu; jpiuf;fijia xU gpuQ;R jpiug;gl E}yfj;jpw;Ff; nfhLj;Jtpl;lhu;.
rj;jpa[pj;jpd; kdjpy; me;jf; fij cwq;F epiyapy; ,Ue;jJ. ,e;j cwq;F tpijia capu;g;gpf;f ,uz;L rk;gtq;fs; ele;jd. ,uz;Lk; INuhg;ghtpy; ,Ue;Nj te;jd. KjyhtJ> gpuhd;]; Njrj;J jpiug;gl ,af;Fdu; [hd; Nudupd; fy;fj;jh tUif. ,uz;lhtJ rpf;ndj; nfhk;gdp rj;jpa[pj;ij ,q;fpyhe;jpw;F mDg;gpaik.
[hd; Nudu; jdJ “ny g;nyt;th”(MW) jpiug;glf; fsj;ij njupTnra;tjw;fhf fy;fj;jh te;jhu;. rj;jpa[pj; Nudu; jq;fpapUe;j n`hl;NlYf;Fr; nrd;W mtiur; re;jpj;jhu;. ,e;jjr; re;jpg;ghy; Nudupd; jpiug;glj;jpw;fhd cjtp fiy ,af;Fduhf gd;rp re;jpuFg;jhitAk; cjtpahsu;fshf Vida ez;gu;fisAk; xg;ge;jk; nra;Ak; re;ju;g;gk; fpilj;jJ. mj;Jld; Nudu; NjLk; fsq;fis fhl;Ltjw;fhf rj;jpa[pj;Jk; $lNt nry;;Yk; re;ju;gKk; fpilj;jJ. ,jd;NghJ rj;jpa[pj;jpd; mruhj Mu;tj;jpijf; fz;l Nudu; “cdf;F jpiug;glk; vLf;Fk; Mu;tk; ,Uf;fpwjh?” vd vNjl;irahff; Nfl;f rj;jpa[pj;Jk; “Xk;” vd;gJld; jhd; thrpj;j ehtypd; fijiar; nrhd;dJk;. “ey;y fijahf ,Uf;fpwNj” vd Nudu; nrhy;yTk; cwq;F epiyapypUe;j tpij rpwpa Kis fz;lJ.
Nudu; gpuhd;]; jpUk;gpa ifNahL rj;jpa[pj; Ntiy epkpj;jk; ,q;fpyhe;J nry;yNtz;b Vw;gl;Ltpl;lJ. 16 ehs;fs; flw;gazj;jpd;NghJ jpiuf;fijf;fhd Fwpg;Gfis vLj;Jf; nfhz;lhu;. MdhYk; jhd; epidg;gJNghy; kpifg;gLj;jy; ,y;yhj vjhu;j;j rpdpkh vLgLkh vd;w re;Njfk; ,Ue;jJ. mjw;fhd jPu;T mtUf;F ,yz;ldpy; fpilj;jJ. fPdu; mYtyf gzp Kbe;jJk; Xa;T Neuj;ij rpdpkh ghu;g;gjpNyNa fopj;jhu;. ,yz;ldpy; jq;fpapUe;j MW khjj;jpy; 100 jpiug;glq;fs; ghu;j;jhu;. mjpy; mg;NghJ ,j;jhypapy; jPtpukhf tsu;e;J te;j epNah-wpayp\ rpdpkh tif rpdpkhf;fs; mjpfk;. mjpy; tpw;NwhupNah b rPfhtpd; “yw;wp b igrpf;Nyw;” (irf;fps; fs;tu;) jpiug;glk; ,tiug; ngupJk; ghjpj;jJ. mj;jpiug;glk; nfhLj;j cj;Ntfj;jhy; fg;gypy; ehLjpUk;Gifapy; jdJ jpiug;glj;jpd; fij efu;Tf;fhd fijr; rpj;jpuq;fis (];NuhupNghl;) fPwpf;nfhz;lhu;.
rj;jpa[pj; ,e;jpah jpUk;kpaNghJ [hd; Nudu; “MW” jpiug;glj;jpd; glg;gpbg;gpy; <Lgl;Lf; nfhz;bUe;jhu;. jdf;Ff; fpilf;Fk; rdp> QhapW tpLKiwfspy; vg;gb glg;gpbg;G elf;fpwJ> fhl;rpfisg; glkhf;FtJ vg;gb vd;gtw;iw EDf;fkhf mtjhdpj;jhu;. ,tiug;Nghy Rg;gpuj kpj;uhTk; mq;F te;jhu;. Nudupd; cjtp xspg;gjpthsuhf Nru;e;J nfhs;s te;j Rg;ujhTf;F me;j tha;g;Gf; fpilf;fhjjhy; jdJ fkuhthy; Gifg;glk; vLf;Fk; tha;g;ig mtuJ je;ijapd; nry;thf;F ngw;Wf;nfhLj;jpUe;jJ. ,e;jg; glg;gpbg;gpd;NghJ Rg;ujhTk; rj;jpa[pj;Jk; re;jpj;Jf;nfhz;ldu;. Rg;gpujh vLj;jpUe;j Gifg;glq;fisg; ghu;j;j rj;jpa[pj; jdJ jpiug;glj;jpw;F Rg;ujhit xspg;gjpthsuhf flikahw;WkhW Nfl;lhu;. rpdpkhf; fkuhit njhl;N;lapuhj Rg;gpujh jaq;fpaNghJ Gifg;glf; fkuh vd;d xU fzNeu epoiy glk;gpbg;gJ> rpdpkhf; fkuh njhlu; epfo;itg; glk;gpbg;gJ mt;tsTjhNd mJ njupe;j cdf;F ,J xd;Wk; rq;flkhdjy;yntd;W $wp xj;Jf;nfhs;s itj;jhu;. ,Jjhd; $l;L Kaw;rpapd; ,uz;lhtJgb.
rj;jpa[pj;
jdJ KOf; FOTk; Gjpatu;fshf ,Uf;fNtz;Lnkd;Nw jPu;khdpj;Jf;nfhz;lhu;.
mjw;Fg; fhuzk; ,Ue;jJ. Vndd;why; mDgtKs;stu;fs; jd;id MSiknra;thu;fs; mjdhy; jhd; MSiknra;aj;jf;f FONt jdf;Fj; NjhjhdJ vd KbntLj;jpUe;jhu;. ,jd;gb gd;rp Fg;jh jdf;F mwpKfkhfpapUe;j Jyhy; lj;jhit glj; njhFg;ghsuhf rj;jpa[pj;jpw;F mwpKfg;gLj;jpdhu;. ,g;NghJ ,e;ehy;tUk; ,ize;Jnfhz;ldu; ,tu;fs; Nru;e;J cUthf;fpaJjhd; “rpW rhiyapd; ghly;” vd;w rj;jpa[pj; (Nu) apd; “gju; ghQ;ryp”.
Kw;WKOjhf <oj;jpy; jahupf;fg;gl;L 35 kp.kPw;wu; jpiur;RUspy; ntspahfpa Kjy; <oj;Jj; jpiug;glkhd “Njhl;lf;fhup” jpiug;glj;jpw;F ,iraikj;j Nf. vk;. [th`pu; mtu;fSf;F mz;ikapy; ];fhgNuh-fdlhtpy; nfhLf;fg;gl;l nfsutpg;G epfo;r;rpapy; gq;Fgw;wpg; Ngrpa mwptpg;ghsu; mg;Jy; `kpw; mtu;fs; Mykuk; jdf;Ff; fPopUe;J vjidAk; tsutplhjJNghy; njd;dpe;jpa jkpo; jpiug;glj;Jiw vDk; Mykuk; <oj;J jkpo;j; jpiug;glj;Jiwia tsu tplhnjd Mjq;fg;gl;bUe;jhu;. Mdhy; mNjNghyNtjhd; ,e;jpj;jpiuAyif Nktp Vida nkhopj; jpiug;glj;JiwAk; Mykuj;jpd; fPo; Kisf;fhJ vd vjpu;T$wg;gl;bUe;j epiyapy; tq;fj; jpiug;glj;Jiwia Mykuj;ij kPwp ntspAyfpw;F nfhz;L nrd;wJ rj;jpa[pj; Nuapd; ek;gpf;ifAk; jPu;f;fkhd KbTe;jhd;. mjw;fhf ,tu; vijAk; ,yFthfg; ngw;whu; vd;Wk; fUjplKbahJ. fLikahfg; Nghuhbdhu;. tplhJ Kad;whu;. jahupg;Gg; gzj;jpw;fhf ngupJk; jpz;lhbdhu;. ,tuJ KjyhtJ gilg;ghd “gju; ghQ;ryp” Ie;J tUl ngUk; gpuaj;jdq;fspd; gpd;Ng epiwTw;wJ. Kbtpy; mJ cyf mq;fPfuk; ngw;w jpiug;glkhdJ.
rj;jpa[pj; Nu> jpiug;glf; fy;tp fw;ftpy;iy> Mdhy; jpiug;glk; vg;gb vLg;gJ vd;gij Gj;jfq;fs; thrpj;J mf;FNtwha; mwpe;jpUe;jhu;. kf;fs; ,urpj;Jf;nfhz;bUe;j toikahd Nfspf;if rpdpkhitg; gpd;gw;wpdhy;jhd; ntw;wpfpl;Lnkd;w vz;zj;jpdpd;Wk; khWgl;L tho;f;ifiag; glk;gpbf;Fk; ghzpapyhd rpdpkhit vLj;jhu;. Kd;dDgtk; ,y;yhtpbDk; mt;tj; Jiwapy; jpwikAs;Nshiu $l;Lr; Nru;j;Jf;nfhz;lhu;. vy;yhtw;Wf;Fk; Nkyhf xU fijia vg;gb jpwk;gl jpiuf;fijahf;fyhk; vd;gij gof;fg;gLj;jpf;nfhz;lhu;. XLk; $l;lj;Jld; Nru;e;J XLk; nrk;kwpfisg; Nghyy;yhJ jdpj;j jpirapy; gazpj;jhu;. ,Jjhd; ,tu; ngw;Wf;nfhz;l ntw;wpapd; ,ufrpak;.
“gju; ghQ;ryp” tq;fj;J rpdpkhthf tq;f nkhopapy; vLf;fg;gl;bUe;jhYk; mNkupf;fhtpy; epAN[hf; efupy;jhd; Kjypy; ntspaplg;gl;lJky;yhJ mq;F ngUk; mq;fPfhuKk; tuNtw;Gk; ngw;wJ. mNkupf;fhtpy; mjw;F ghuhl;L fpilj;jNghJk; mJ Mq;fpy nkhopngau;g;G vOj;J nghwpf;fg;gl;l jpiug;glkhff;$l mg;NghJ ,Uf;ftpy;iy. Kjd;Kjypy; ntspaplg;gl;l NghJ Mq;fpy vOj;jpy; nghwpg;gjw;fhd gzKk; rj;jpa[pj; Nuaplk; ,Uf;ftpy;iy. xU jpiug;glk; ntw;wpailtjw;F my;yJ mq;fPfupf;fg;gLtjw;F nkhop fhuzkhf ,Uf;fj; Njitapy;iy vd;gij ep&gpj;j jpiug;glNk “gju; ghQ;ryp”.
ey;y jpiug;glnkd;gJ njhopy;El;gj;jpNyh gpukhz;lj;jpNyh jiyrpwe;jjhf ,Uf;fNtz;Lk; vd;gijay;y kdjpw;F neUf;fkhdjhf ,Uf;fNtz;Lk; vd;gijNa md;Wk; ,d;Wk; vd;Wk; $wpf;nfhz;bUf;fpwJ. ,ijNa “igrpf;fps; jPt;];” “gju; ghQ;ryp” Nghd;witfs; vLj;Jf; fhl;b epw;fpd;wd.